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An in-memory directory cache of recently accessed directory information.

There are also several key data structures stored in memory:.

UNIX stores this information in inodes, and NTFS in the master file table as a relational database structure.įigure 12.2 - A typical file-control block.

The File Control Block, FCB, ( per file ) containing details about ownership, size, permissions, dates, etc.

UNIX uses inode numbers, and NTFS uses a master file table.

A directory structure ( per file system ), containing file names and pointers to corresponding FCBs.

the master file table in UNIX or the superblock in Windows, which contains information such as the partition table, number of blocks on each filesystem, and pointers to free blocks and free FCB blocks.

A volume control block, ( per volume ) a.k.a.

This will generally be the first sector of the volume if there is a bootable system loaded on that volume, or the block will be left vacant otherwise.

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the boot block in UNIX or the partition boot sector in Windows contains information about how to boot the system off of this disk.

A boot-control block, ( per volume ) a.k.a.

File systems store several important data structures on the disk:.

12.2 File-System Implementation 12.2.1 Overview

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Common file systems in use include the UNIX file system, UFS, the Berkeley Fast File System, FFS, Windows systems FAT, FAT32, NTFS, CD-ROM systems ISO 9660, and for Linux the extended file systems ext2 and ext3 ( among 40 others supported.

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The layered approach to file systems means that much of the code can be used uniformly for a wide variety of different file systems, and only certain layers need to be filesystem specific.This level manages the directory structure and the mapping of file names to file control blocks, FCBs, which contain all of the meta data as well as block number information for finding the data on the disk. everything about the file except the data itself. The logical file system deals with all of the meta data associated with a file ( UID, GID, mode, dates, etc ), i.e.In addition to translating from logical to physical blocks, the file organization module also maintains the list of free blocks, and allocates free blocks to files as needed. The file organization module knows about files and their logical blocks, and how they map to physical blocks on the disk.block # 234234 ), or with head-sector-cylinder combinations. Depending on the system, blocks may be referred to with a single block number, ( e.g.

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The basic file system level works directly with the device drivers in terms of retrieving and storing raw blocks of data, without any consideration for what is in each block.ports ) that it listens to, and a unique set of command codes and results codes that it understands. Each controller card ( device ) on a system has a different set of addresses ( registers, a.k.a.

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I/O Control consists of device drivers, special software programs ( often written in assembly ) which communicate with the devices by reading and writing special codes directly to and from memory addresses corresponding to the controller card's registers.Modern disk put more and more of the electronic controls directly on the disk drive itself, leaving relatively little work for the disk controller card to perform. At the lowest layer are the physical devices, consisting of the magnetic media, motors & controls, and the electronics connected to them and controlling them.File systems organize storage on disk drives, and can be viewed as a layered design:.Block sizes may range from 512 bytes to 4K or larger. Disks are usually accessed in physical blocks, rather than a byte at a time.Hard disks have two important properties that make them suitable for secondary storage of files in file systems: (1) Blocks of data can be rewritten in place, and (2) they are direct access, allowing any block of data to be accessed with only ( relatively ) minor movements of the disk heads and rotational latency.Abraham Silberschatz, Greg Gagne, and Peter Baer Galvin, 'Operating System Concepts, Ninth Edition ', Chapter 12 12.1 File-System Structure.Operating Systems: File-System Implementation

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